Graduation Speech Essay - 643 Words

Writing this commencement speech for you tonight was hands-down one of the most stressful things I have ever done. For days, I toiled over what to speak about, worried that as you sat there anxious to graduate I would bore you, or say the wrong thing. I tried to write a witty and funny speech designed to entertain you, but a lack of ability ultimately forced me to give up. This speech is the culmination of hours of brainstorming, three rejected rough drafts, editing galore, and finally me just putting my heart and soul on paper. It, as practically all commencement speeches do, contains all the expected words of praise and well wishing. It does not say anything that has not been said in the past, or that will not be said in the future, save†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, there is something we have achieved together that will stay with Billwood long after we are gone. Our spirit. In four years, this class has grown from a group of awkward, unsure teenagers into caring, mature, confident adults. Every one of us has endured our own personal struggles. We have cried over boyfriends and girlfriends, fought unmercifully with our parents, crammed for Dr. Bs notorious mid-terms, and sunk into the depths of severe senioritis. Separately, we have survived the painful life that is teenagerhood. Together, however, as a class we have managed to attain a level of excellence unsurpassed by any other. The kind, accepting, forgiving, eager, willing and energetic qualities that our class proudly possesses set us apart as a group with irrepressible spirit. Just by doing what we do, and being who we are, this class has touched the lives of both students and staff. Perhaps without even knowing it, this class of 2006a presence has made Billwood High School a better place. The impressions this class has made, I believe, has even inspired other students to strive for greatness. And in that way, our class will live on forever. We are to Billwood as Braveheart was to Scotland. Each and every one of you seated before me today deserves the greatest congratulations. You have paid a price to be here; put tears, sweat, blood, frustration, anger, effort and now triumph into your fourShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My Graduation Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pages My Graduation A Graduation ceremony is one of the major steps in life, it marks the start of new changes in our lives. It ushers us into growing up and be responsible for our actions. It marks a new dawn of embracing life experiences, cultivation of good work ethics and eventually culminates in chasing our dreams. On my graduation day, I woke up to the sweet aroma of the breakfast my sister was making. I sat down to eat when the food was ready. It took me about 2 hours to finishRead MoreGraduation Speech1128 Words   |  5 PagesSasenarine Tomby Graduation Speech 2011 Good afternoon [name of members of the head table], teachers, parents, students, fellow graduates and distinguished guests. I must first and foremost thank God for this blessing and honor to stand before you today as Valedictorian of the Class of 2011. Yet, today is not only my day to shine. Every graduate present here is deserving of high praise and recognition and I would like to congratulate each of you on reaching this milestone in life. IRead MoreGraduation Speech650 Words   |  3 PagesCongratulations everyone, congratulations. If youre participating in this graduation ceremony, youve taken the next step toward your future goals and dreams. For those of you that just finished your transfer degrees, congratulations. To those of you that came back to school after a few years off to get a better education, congratulations. To those of you that came to get a certificate or learn IT or computer programming so you can get a better job, congratulations. Now that youre moving onRead More Graduation Speech Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesLadies, gentlemen, parents, friends, family, staff, fellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not beRead More Graduation Speech Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesyou might ever sit through. Most of us, though, and I regret that I am in this group, will sit through many more ceremonies -- ceremonies longer and more tedious that this or anything else you can imagine. If you think this is bad, try a college graduation. Think, that is, attend a wedding. And, if just for a moment you think that that is bad, just be thankful you have never attended or will attend a Bar Mitzvah. The only ceremony I think anybody would truly enjoy attending is a funeral. But, onlyRead MoreEssay on Graduation Speech830 Words   |  4 Pagesthe senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a speech for tonight -- Ive become experienced at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one Ive written, the recycle bin needs to be emptied at home and I need a new highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an A+ for your help as my speech teacher but an F for saving trees. Tonight Id like to talk to three groupsRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school wasRead More Graduation Speech Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy abroad, and with the great help of the Turner family, Ms. Joy Fitzpatrick who is the international student program coordinator, and my parents, I entered America as an international student on March 11, 2001, only one week after my high school graduation in Japan. It seems as though yesterday when I saw my host mom crying at the airport to see me landed to America safely, as if she were welcoming back her own daughter. I still recall the very first class I took. I was so scared and nervous thatRead More Graduation Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthis graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your own vision† or even to â€Å"Strive for excellence,† or any trite clichà © that’s ever been said in a graduation speech. SoRead More Graduation Speech Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesWhen they were trying to find someone to give this speech they first asked the most intelligent, smart person they could find. But she turned them down. So then they asked the most beautiful, lovely, attractive person they could find. She also turned them down. Next they asked the nicest, sweetest, kindest, most sincere person they could find. Then I decided it would be rude to turn them down three times in a row, so here I am. How many people here like tomato soup? Come on, raise your hand if

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Sixth Grade Essay Topics

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Sixth Grade Essay Topics In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial matter to do is to select a topic and an argument you may really get behind. Consider your essay for a conversation or debate. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a particular type of academic writing. Locating good essay topics which you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a tough work. Ultimately, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the value of appropriate essay structure. It's possible to always structure your issue so that it's unique to the argument that you're proposing in your essay. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. The authentic leadership essay is simple to read and understand. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. The debut of each written work ought to have a very clear thesis statement or argument. What's more, homework teaches children personal responsibility that could be of terrific use for their upcoming life. You should have accessibility to proper resources that will enable you to compose the essay with suitable sense and structure. There are easy topic ideas students are somewhat more li kely to write about since they will be simple to write. Our professional team will do anything it requires to deliver the essay you will take pride in! The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Normally, the teachers or professors assign the topics independently. The absolute most important facet is your wisdom and comprehension. Creating an outline is a significant portion of writing. You are also going to be in a position to construct your writing skills and learn key techniques to correct mistakes in your writing. When writing an important composition, it's recommended to pick contradictive topics. The Ugly Side of Sixth Grade Essay Topics The essay demands proficient handling and expert strategy. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. You don't need to lose grades because of incorrect essay format. Remember which you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. What you aspire to teach your reader will decide the form of your essay. There is an assortment of ideas to think about that offer useful insight to encourage the most suitabl e selection. The majority of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays too, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. Quite simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news sites which just need a click. To begin with, local newspaper papers might be great place to discover interesting argumentative essay topics.

English The Dominant Language

Question: How English develops in the world is no business whatever of native speakers in England, the United States, or anywhere else (Widdowson, 1994:385). Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain why? Discuss the implications for English Language Teaching. Answer: Undoubtedly, English has become the dominant language in the world. It is gradually given to various names and symbols, such as Lingua Franca, World English, International Language and Standard English. It is beyond only a language. Experts and scholars put lots of effort to discuss, analyze and argue the importance, transformation and function of it. Kachru (1985) use his Three Circles to elaborate the amount of people who use English. In the Inner Circle only 375 million users are the native speakers who are the norm-providers. Roughly only one out of every four users of English in the world is a native speaker of the language . However, the three out of the four users follow the Standard English which is defined by the native speakers. Widdowson (1994) expressed the idea in a very telling manner when he writes It is a matter of considerable pride and satisfaction for native speakers of English that their language is an international means of communication. But the points is that i t is only international to the extent that it is not their language Jenkins 2011). The role of language in todays increasingly globalized world is complex Windschitl et al. 2012). The realization that the majority of the uses of English occur in contexts where it serves as a lingua franca, far removed from its native speakers linguacultural norms and identities, has been an important leitmotif in this discussion (Seidlhofer 2006). Yet at the same time, while the number of native English speakers by some accounts is decreasing slightly, non-native English speakers are dramatically increasingly in number (Liu 1999 cited by Stroupe 2010), and decreasing in age (Graddol 2006 cited by Stroupe 2010). As many suggest, English continues to gain prominence through economic, diplomatic and media activities (Graddol 2006 cited by Stroupe 2010). In addition, because of the importance of English in the temporary era, many people emphasize higher and higher on English. It has become not only the main means of communication in the world, but also a compulsory subject from element ary schools to universities (Kachru 2011). In this paper, I would like to discuss my former working context after I graduated from the university in Section II. In section 3, there is the elaboration of one of Englishs identities- lingua franca and the discrimination and prejudice towards different accents. World Englishes will be discussed in section IV. The debates and contrast of Native English Speaker Teachers (NESTs) and Non-Native English Speaker Teachers (NNESTs) are detailed presented in section V. Also, I would take my personal experience as the example in this section. The following one is the argument based on Widdowsons The Ownership of English (1994:385) and how non-natives follow Standard English norms. In the last section, VII, are the conclusion and implications of TESOL. After I graduated from university, I have worked in a Foreign Language Center, which is called the English Generation Language Institute in Taipei, Taiwan. The subject I have taught is TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) and it is divided into four sections, listening, speaking, reading and writing. The age of students is between eighteen to twenty-five years old. Their English comprehension is intermediate. The average number of students in my class is fifteen. Only in speaking section should I use all-English to teach. Teaching English is a significant task which generates a number of the rewards. The teachers may feel proud as they are teaching the students or learners a different way of life. When you are teaching English, you are contributing towards the international society by miniting a new orator to the English language, a person converse with people worldwide and across the cultures. The learners of the English language maybe the business people, immigrants, artists or students, who share their love of learning the language. To teach the English to students as a second language is that we are sharing the tools to students, which they require to take the new ventures and reach their own dreams (Cohen 2014). When the speaker from a foreign country or non-native English speaker learns English, they can create a deal of potential inspiration and success in life of a person. To create a positive space of English learning, one should have a positive attitude, courage and dedication. Without the attitude factor, one may get frustrated for a long time to learn the language and may be they give up the effort to learn English (Moskovsky et al. 2013). English is a Lingua Franca In this era, English has become more and more essential worldwide. It is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (Firth 1996: 240). People who are not the native speakers and go to other countries for business trip or vacation always need to use English to have communication with local people or their business partners if they do not know the local language. English has become the official language in the world (Bolton 2004). Take my country, Taiwan, for instance, English is a compulsory and essential subject from elementary school to university. When a learners English score is not high enough, it is hard to enter better or ideal university. Moreover, before students graduate from the university, they must pass the English test (GEPT, TOEIC, IELTS, TOEFL). It is because English is a Lingua Franca, the English learning system in Taiwan need to esta blish for letting children have contacted this language since they are little. Another example is that most companies in Taiwan have business with countries all over the world, such as Japan, Russia, Thailand and Germany. There are many languages among these countries, but English is the chosen one. People use English no matter in doing business, formal conferences or sport events worldwide. English is being shaped at least as much by its non-native speakers as by its native speakers (Ljosland 2011). It is been spoken by a lot people, so different accents has appeared, such as Japanese, Thai, Spanish and Russian accent (Cogo and Pitzl 2013). According to Jenkins interview participants (Jenkins, 2009), there are five extracts are typical of the ambivalent and conflict comments they made (Jenkins 2009). They are Taiwanese, Japanese, Italian China and Polish English speakers. Based on Kachrus (1985) three circle, they belong to the Expanding Circle, and they are norm-dependent (Kachru 1985). Four of them want to be like a native-speaker and been taught like that. Only the China English speaker wants to keep his identity. He does not think that having the American or British accent is necessary. Generally, there is a stereotype towards different English accents. The questionnaire respondents made extremely pejorative comments about the accents they perceived as furthest from native English accents, particularly China English, Japanese English and Russian English accents. For example, the Japanese English accent was described as weird and menacing, the China English as quarrel-like and appalling, and the Russian English as he avy, sharp, and aggressive(Jenkins 2009). I am not so shocked that the questionnaire respondents used these negative words to describe different accents. It is because when I was in the university, my professor who has the standard British accent told us if English learners has weird accents, others would judge them badly, consider they are bad in English and even have discrimination towards them. In formal or informal ceremonies, if the speaker use the strange English accent to deliver the speech, listeners would easily put the stereotype on him. For some people, they cannot fully understand the Japanese English accent. These questionnaire respondents reflect the normal perspectives that common people have (House 2013). Nowadays the economy has become globalized and most of the persons have to interact with people across culture. In those economies significance of learning the second language is self-evident. You can communicate with the lands you may never considered to do business by learning a second language. It will help one to address the customers in that particular language which they will better appreciate, and also in which those persons are more comfortable in corresponding. As for diversity of cultures of the world and in the global community, there is importance of learning the second language is highlighted (Bean 2011). In todays world, an individual can access the vast information from the variety of customs of the world. The world of English speaking people has access to all the information, or else lots of information will be beyond their reach. This is the main reason English became popular as second language. English is now widely spoken as a second language suppressing other languages. Even people nowadays speak English as their first language. For this, there is a great demand of learning English classes as English is used as the gateway of knowledge, culture and commerce of the world (Chang and Liu 2013). The initiative of learning English with the speakers from a foreign country or the non-native English speaker can be constructed a great compact of both potential and havoc inspiration. By this initiative, one can get the success in his or her life. To be very specific, for creating a personal positive space in learning English as the second language, one must have many positive attitude, dedication and courage. The attitude factors aside, effort and work are also concerned in learning English. At least without any sense of the happening what will happen at the end of learning English, the language learner could be possibly grown frustrated and might quit the work and effort to learn the English. In addition to it, the prospective student and learner of English may perhaps well be acknowledged by the discordance among the friends and family. The family and friends encouraged the students to study in the home country of the student in his or native language and go along with the custom. However, in case one person determined to learn English and has the personality that has an attitude of English learning, then that person must take the risk and task to learn English in a very serious mode and ignore those persons who wants the students to take another way. The student or learner of English may explain the significance of learning English for the success in the economy globally with their loved ones. They also should explain the significance of the school in English-speaking country. The above are all the suitable motives of learning English. Attitude of English speaking includes the dedication, a desire, the courage and the intelligence to alter the life circumstance of one. World Englishes (WEs) WE belongs to everybody who speaks it, but it is nobodys mother tongue (Jenkins 2011). Based on Kachrus three circles (Kachru 1985), the Expanding Circle which is norm- dependent includes over a billion people who are English users. They follow the norms which native speakers have already established. The only possible area of controversy that I can see here, then, is that some WE scholars may not consider Expanding Circle Englishes as legitimate varieties on a par with Outer and Inner Circle varieties (Jenkins 2009). Yano, for example, argue: In Japan, English is not used by the majority, nor is it used often enough for it to be established as Japanese English (Jenkins 2008). This mean Japanese has their own English system. That is, this kind of English is called interlanguage or learner-English (Jenkins 2009). Every country or area has its own English; therefore, it reflects Rajagopalans (2004) opinion that WE belongs to everybody who speaks it. Undoubtedly, English is a Lingua Fra nca, International Language or World English (Brutt-Griffler 2002). However, it is not only the task of native speakers to study English for their purposes. Nonnative speakers of other varieties should also shoulder the responsibilities to establish a world standard if they use English as an international language (Shi 2011). People, who speak English or use English as the main communicative way are more than the native speakers are (Cho and Brutt-Griffler 2015). In my opinion, English is not only a Lingua Franca, World English or need to be native-like standard, it needs to be regional standard and fits the needs of students. Bolton (2004) opined that three interpretations of the expression World Englishes are possible. First, the umbrella label serves like the label cover all the diversities of the English worldwide. There are different approaches that explains and evaluates the English worldwide. Secondly, English used in a very constricted sense, which is referring new Englishes in Asia, the Caribbean and Africa (Kachrus outer circle). And thirdly, the English thet is used to symbolize the approach of pluricentric to learn the English connected with Kachru and his teammates. This approach sometimes referred to as the Kachruvian approach, even though substantial overlapping is present between the second analysis of the expression and this approach. The first exercise is occasionally represented by the other terms which includes the global English(es), World English (i.e., in the singular) and international English(es). The second approach is commonly signified by the terms including institutionalised, i ndigenised, nativised, and new English or Englishes as a foreign or second language. Instead of the variety of explanations of the term World Englishes and its alternates, however, there is a strong relations between them, and the pasture now so well established, that there appears to be a little uncertainty over the proposed reference. NESTs vs NNESTs When it comes to standard English, native speakers will pop out to our mind. No matter in which level of the educational system in Taiwan or other countries, NESTs is the first choice that learners hope to learn from. Medgyes (1992) used three possible dimensions to discuss the compare and contrast between NESTs and NNESTs. The first dimension is NESTs versus NNESTs. Learners always consider NESTs are superior to NNEST and can acquire more English knowledge and information from them (Ma, 2012). If language competence were the only variable of teaching skill, a NEST would by definition be superior to his or her non-native colleague (Medgyes 1992). However, the only thing that NESTs can say they are superior to NNEST is their language proficiency. On the other hand, NNESTs can be English learners model since they are also the learners of English, they understand learners need and the problems that learners will encounter (Lee and Cho 2015). In contrast, though NESTs can act as perfect language models they cannot be learner models since they are not learners of English in the sense that non-NESTs are (Gurkan and Yuksel 2012). The advantage of NNESTs are they have the same mother tongue as their learners. Non- native teachers have on the grounds that they know the target language as a foreign language, shar e with their students the experience of what it is like to try and make it their own, often through the same first language/ culture filter and can represent relevant role models for learners. (cf. e.g. Braine 1999: Brutt Griffler Samimy 1999; Kramsch 1998; Medgyes 1994; Rampton 1990; Seidlhofer 1999). Even though I am not a native-speaking teacher, I know better the weaknesses of my students than native- speaking teachers and sometimes if I find out they cannot understand when I explain more difficult grammar or concept in English, Iwill explain again in Chinese. I agree with Medgyes, (1992) said the statement that The more proficient in English, the more efficient in the classroom is false. Both NNESTs and NEST have the equal chance of achieving professional success (Medgyes 2012). The second dimension is NNESTs versus NNESTs. A non-native's superiority over a fellow non-native can only be ascribed to his or her superior English-language competence (Medgyes 1992). Generally speaking, in most of the high schools in Taiwan, the English teachers are all non-natives. How to compare and say which teacher teaches better is equal to say which one has the better proficiency in English. According to Medgyes (1992) opinion, all other variables being equal, so 'The more proficient in English, the more efficient in the classroom' is a valid statement. Because I used to work in the Foreign Language Center, some courses need to be conducted in both Chinese and English. At this time, learners will choose which NNEST has better English proficiency (Gordon 2012). The third dimension is NESTs versus NESTs. The English proficiency is not related to this dimension because there can be no differences between native speakers in terms of their LI competence (Medgyes 1992). The only aspect learners can compare is their proficiency in the learners mother tongue. So the statement Medgye (1992) kept using needs to be modified into 'The more proficient in the learners' mother tongue, the more efficient in the classroom'. When I was the student in university, all my professors who are native speakers can speak Chinese. Some of them speak it very well, but they seldom use Chinese to explain hard concepts for that we are all students in English Department. If they work as private tutors or in the Foreign Language Center, they are superior to many other NESTs. Who Owns English? Learners in different countries have been taught to speak like native speakers. Having standard American or British accent is the ideal goal of English learning. If people in formal occasions speak English with strong accent, they probably would be considered as bad in English. Also, we evaluate peoples position and status by their English accent. In my country, Taiwan, parents emphasize higher and higher in English, so they sent their children to bilingual kindergarten. These kindergartens clearly indicate that there are foreign teachers who have standard American or British accent. Lots of children have started to learn English since they are only 5 years old. In Taiwan, a student can realize why they must learn this language which is a WE. The standard English means that people who are non-native speakers need to speak like native speakers. No one can deny that language teaching in general, and ELT in particular, historically evolved around the notion of the native speaker . We En glish teachers do our best to use the standard norms to teach English learners. However, based on Kachrus three circles , over a billion users belong to Expanding Circle. The whole idea of native speaker has been rendered somewhat blurred . It is not important to speak like a native speaker. English is gradually transferred into fitting the local needs. When two non-native speakers are talking to each other, the most important thing is that they need to understand each other. On the other hand, when one non-native speaker is talking to a native speaker, maybe the evaluation appears. The non-native speaker would be judged by his accent or the words he uses, whether they fit into the standard norms. Sometimes, the judgment would be so critical, strict. Nevertheless, I think this condition would happen less and less because of the globalization. Although Chinese speakers are a lot in the world, Chinese is not chosen as a foreign language to communicate. When foreigners use Chinese to a sk me question in Taiwan, I am surprised and forget all about the accent he/ she has. The priority is the understanding of each other and the expression is clear enough. It is hard not to have accent when people speak a foreign language. Not only English but also other language does have the same condition that learners have to follow the standard norm when learning it. In Widdowsons perspective, language provides the means for communication, expresses a sense of community and represent the stability of its culture. Because of the higher emphasis on English, some native speakers might consider themselves as the center. Everyone needs to mimic their accent and follow their norms. When the native speakers claim that the purpose of standard English is for clear communication, they should also see that clear communication is an international one . They should realize that due to globalization, WEs is a language spoken across the world . The concept of standard should be changed. Widdowson holds a positive attitude towards the power of and possibilities for non-native speakers of English to own the language in a reasonable way . Different places establish a system and the certain norm of English of their own. All cultures must be immersed into an international basin before true communication can be realized . Any of the culture or languages cannot be sai d whether it is good or bad. However, language is not neutral since it carries its customs and culture. English learners can use English to convey their culture to the world. In Widdowsons perspective, no one really owns English and can say it is his mother tongue. How the English expands on the world is not a business whatsoever of the native orators in the United States, England, or anywhere else. The native speakers have no cry in the matter of expansion of English, as well as they have no right to interfere in the matter or pass any comment or judgment. The native speakers are irrelevant. No nation can have or asked for the custody over the language as English is an international language. To grant any of the custody of the language to any particular country is necessarily detains the development, by which one undermine its international status. The native speakers of Englishmust be proud and they should be satisfied about the fact that the language uses as an international way of communication. However, the main point is that as the language is not from their native place and not their mother tongue, to that extent only the language is international. English language is not the possession of one country which they can lease out to others, while they retains the freehold. Implications for English Language Teaching and Conclusion In this paper, my main point is that I agree with Widdowsons statement that How English develops in the world is no business whatever of native speakers in England, the United States, or anywhere else. This statement fit into contemporary trend. Kachrus (1985) three circles clearly points out most of the English users are not native speakers. They set up their own English system. However, some learners or non-natives are still caught in the myth of Standard English. We cannot deny that English is the dominant language in the world and is a lingua franca. Nevertheless, the Inner Circle has the standard on while the Expanding Circle has its own norms of English. In Taiwans English educational system, students understand why they should learn a language which is irrelevant to them. However, the teachers are often confused on whether they should follow the standard English norms to teach the students only language or introduce the culture or even manipulate it into the mind of students. From Widdowsons arguments about Standard English, we English teachers in Taiwan should infer what is happening to English language worldwide. We need to think about what types of English we should introduce to our students not only focus on following the standard norms. I do not mean the accent is not important and having strange accent does not matter even though learners are proficient in English. In common points of view, accent plays a decisive role. We do not want learners are discriminated by their accent. It is significant to discuss that the study of second language acquisition does not imply that there are no inferences, which can be drawn from second language acquisition to the related regulation of language teaching. For example, acquisition of second language resulted to speaking and not to its cause. The speech given by one cannot be trained directly, but appears on its own as the result of constructiing competence by comprehensible input. If the input is unstated, the necessary grammar is provided by the teachers. The several models agree that it as a feature with important implications for the individual (Lepp-Kaethler and Drnyei 2013). Authors differ each other in terms of its correlates and/or antecedents, as well as in how it might be reviewed. With respect to the language learning, the individual would have several approaches that could be applied to the language learning, ideas about its meaningfulness, value, and implications, expectations of one person about what one ca n or cannot be achieved, and the significance of several personality distinctiveness in the learning process (Ary et al. 2010). English is trained as the second or foreign language throughout the Taiwanese education system, yet Taiwan has slipped its position in the world rankings. The gestures of teaching English in the classroom are the combination of many factors. Previously, the researches focus on specialised areas which helped gaining an insight into a part of the psychology of the language learners (Rubin 2014). The areas discussed above are the motivation, learning a second or foreign language, anxiety in the foreign language classroom and language learning strategies. Individually, the researchers were guided by these factors over the years. But these instruments and factors have been proven measures. It is time to combine these factors together and seek to reveal more of the holistic picture of foreign language acquisition (Mitchell et al. 2013). The questions about the teacher education and teaching arises when one discussed about the World Englishes. While in the Expanding Circle, a person could ask the kind of English or which types of English must be taught. In case a teacher is teaching Taiwanese students about using English in a learning institution in the USA, then they should teach the American English. If the students have the goal to communicate across the cultures, then the teachers must teach English in that way, so that the students would be able to tolerate/understand more accent and varieties through the revelation. Awareness must be formed and the strategies of cross-cultural communication must be studied. It is of extreme significance that the teachers should develop a superior tolerance of dissimilarities and alter their outlooks in accordance with the settings. In English teachers training section, the focus should not put on being like native speakers but also their own proficiency in English. The NNESTs should enhance their knowledge towards English world and accept different English cultures. The NESTs need to improve their knowledge about their learners. Owning Standard English is not enough for English learners. I contend that English language teachers should convey that do not hold theperspective that standard English is always the best to learners. Also, the curriculum cannot be fixed. It needs to fit the change of English trend since language change happens naturally, and it is inevitable and unpredictable. Within the field of TESOL, I dont think NNESTs or NESTs is better than the each other. Both group of teachers serve equally useful purposes in their own terms . Reference: Algeo, J. and Butcher, C., 2013.The origins and development of the English language. Cengage Learning. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Razavieh, A. and Chris Sorensen, C., 2010. Introduction to research in education: Cengage Learning. Bean, J.C., 2011.Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom. John Wiley and Sons. Bolton, S.C., 2004.Emotion management in the workplace. Palgrave Macmillan. Braine, G., 2013.Non-native educators in English language teaching. Routledge. Cable, T., 2013.A Companion to Baugh and Cable's A History of the English Language. Routledge. Chang, C.H. and Liu, H.J., 2013. Language learning strategy use and language learning motivation of Taiwanese EFL University students.Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching,10(2), pp.196-209. Cho, H. and Brutt-Griffler, J., 2015. Integrated reading and writing: A case of Korean English language learners.Reading in a Foreign Language,27(2), p.2. Cogo, A. and Pitzl, M.L., 2013. English as a Lingua Franca.International Journal of Applied Linguistics,23(3), pp.396-396. Cohen, A.D., 2014.Strategies in learning and using a second language. Routledge. Gordon, J., 2012. THE NNEST LENS: NON NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS IN TESOL. Ahmar Mahboob (Ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. Pp. xvii+ 349.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,34(03), pp.518-519. Gurkan, S. and Yuksel, D., 2012. Evaluating the contributions of native and non-native teachers to an English Language Teaching program.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,46, pp.2951-2958. House, J., 2013. Developing pragmatic competence in English as a lingua franca: Using discourse markers to express (inter) subjectivity and connectivity.Journal of Pragmatics,59, pp.57-67. Jenkins, J., 2011. Accommodating (to) ELF in the international university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.926-936. Jenkins, J., 2011. Accommodating (to) ELF in the international university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.926-936. Kachru, Y., 2011. Contexts and Relevance for Language Education.Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning,2, p.155. Lee, Y.J. and Cho, H.S., 2015. Promoting Collaborative Teaching between NESTs and NNESTs in English Classrooms.Studies in English Education,20(1), pp.87-112. Lepp-Kaethler, E. and Drnyei, Z., 2013. The role of sacred texts in enhancing motivation and living the vision in second language acquisition.Christian faith and English language teaching and learning: Research on the interrelationship of religion and ELT, pp.171-188. Ljosland, R., 2011. English as an Academic Lingua Franca: Language policies and multilingual practices in a Norwegian university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.991-1004. Ma, L.P.F., 2012. Strengths and weaknesses of NESTS and NNESTs: Perceptions of NNESTs in Hong Kong.Linguistics and Education,23(1), pp.1-15. McKay, S.L., 2012. Teaching materials for English as an international language.Principles and practices of teaching English as an international language, pp.70-83. Medgyes, P., 2012. The NNEST Lens: Non-native English speakers in TESOL.ELT journal,66(1), pp.122-124. Mitchell, R., Myles, F. and Marsden, E., 2013.Second language learning theories. Routledge. Moskovsky, C., Alrabai, F., Paolini, S. and Ratcheva, S., 2013. The effects of teachers motivational strategies on learners motivation: A controlled investigation of second language acquisition.Language Learning,63(1), pp.34-62. Nation, I.S.P., 2013. Teaching learning vocabulary. Richards, J.C., 2015.Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition. Routledge. Rubin, J., 2014. Teaching Languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Learning Strategies.The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Shi, G., 2011. A critical analysis of Chinese courtroom discourse.International Journal of Speech Language and the Law,18(1), pp.157-160. Tabors, P.O. and Patton, O., 2014. One Child, Two Languages: A Guide for Early Childhood Educators of Children Learning English as a Second Language.Education Review//Reseas Educativas. Tuomey, E., 2014.Discussing writing: peer feedback on writing essays in an online forum for learners of English(Doctoral dissertation, Lancaster University). Windschitl, M., Thompson, J., Braaten, M. and Stroupe, D., 2012. Proposing a core set of instructional practices and tools for teachers of science.Science education,96(5), pp.87

What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia Essay Example

What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia Essay The 12th century is characterised by an evangelical awakening, stimulated by the Gregorian assault on ecclesiastical corruption.1 These reforms, however, were not wholly implemented, and when they were it was often inadequate. Wandering lay preachers were a consequence of the Gregorian attempt at Church reform.2 Often orthodox many, however, not only criticised clerical morals, but also the sacraments, doctrine, and the authority of the church.3 Tanchelm4, Peter of Bruys, Henry Le Mans and Arnold of Brescia are significant examples of such individuals who felt the church did not meet their needs for religious life and leadership:5 one great stimuli of popular dissent [was] the failure of the church to meet the high expectations of moral renewal which were aroused by Gregorian reformers.6 Peter of Bruys is a shadowy figure and little is known about his origins. 7 It is believed, however, he was a parish priest to the village of Bruys in the French Alps.8 From c.1112 Peter is expelled from his benefice to become a wandering preacher in the Alpine foot hills, criticising the church.9 After 20 years Peter emerges from the mountains to preach in south west France,10 and at some point he forms an alliance with Henry of Le Mans before his murdered at St Gilles in c.1131.11 We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Henry Le Mans also known as Lausanne12 and the Monk13 preached in northern and especially southern France. The first detailed account14 of his activities is in 1116 when he preachers in Le Mans. Bishop Hildebrant before he leaves for Rome gives Henry permission to evangelise as he believes him to be a penitential preacher.15 Henry, however, preaches against the materialism of the church inciting the populace to rise against the clerics of the city, and when Hildebrant returns he has great difficulty regaining his authority.16 After being expelled from Le Mans Henrys career for the next 20 years is obscure. It is suggested, however, through Henrys alliance with Peter of Bruys, sometime before c.1133, that Henry takes on a more heretical stance.17 Henry is arrested by the bishop of Arles and brought before the Council of Pisa in 1135, where he is ordered to give up his itinerant preaching and re-enter a monastery.18 Whether Henry initially obeyed this order or not is not known because in 1145 he is the object of Bernard of Clairvauxs mission against heresy. After this time, however, Henry is not mentioned again in the sources.19 Tanchelm preached against the materialism of the church in the low countries for about five years before his death in c.1115.20 The portrait presented of him in the sources21 describes him as a libertine and a political agitator, arousing the masses to reject the church. In recent scholarship, however, Tanchelm is re-presented as a priest or a monk, who as a wandering preacher attempted to further the Gregorian reforms.22 It is suggested Tanchelm was accused of heresy because he was an agent of Count Robert of Flanders a supporter of the Gregorian reforms. The truth about Tanchelm is not clear as there are hostile sources independent to that of The Canons of Utrecht. It is suggested, however, that it is safe to assume that Tanchelm was at least a Gregorian priest who slipped into Donatism.23 Tanchelm was murdered in c.1115 whilst in a boat, by a priest hitting him over the head.24 Arnold of Brescia an Augustine abbot, born in or near the Italian city of Brescia,25 is described as :a vehement preacher against the vanities of the world. It is not clear whether Arnold was involved in the urban revolt again Manfred Brescias bishop26 from 1135, but in 1138 Manfred leaves Brescia for Rome and John of Salisbury27 alleges that Arnold rouses the dissident populace against the bishop.28 Consequently, Manfred secures the condemnation of Arnold in 1139 and his banishment from Italy.29 Repairing to France Arnold is later expelled due to his criticism of the church and Bernard of Clairvaux. Returning to Italy after a visit to Bohemia he is invited to Rome by Pope Eugenius III to undergo penance.30 Arnold, however, is incensed by papal corruption and as a result by 1146 Arnold is involved in the conflict between the communal movement of Rome and the papacy.31 The pope is made to leave Rome on more than one occasion, and Arnolds political agenda is clear when he calls upon th e Emperor to re-assert his temporal authority, in order for the church to return to its spiritual occupations. Arnold, however, is victim to the fickle political loyalties of the time. Arnold was executed in 1155 for political rebellion.32 The overwhelming similarities between the careers of Tanchelm, Peter of Bruy, Henry of Le Mans and Arnold of Brescia are that they felt the church did not meet their needs for religious life and leadership. The consequences of which caused serious social problems that they attempted to combat. They could be described as radical Gregorian reformers, but having taken matters into their hands they cross the ambiguous lines between orthodoxy and heresy. The careers of both Henry and Peter began in rural obscurity, and moving into the urban areas they have more success. Henry and Peter formed an alliance at some point as they were both active in south western France. This is considered particularly important as these areas were later strongholds of the later Waldensian and Cathar heresies, Henry and Peters criticism of the church having prepared the ground for them.33 Arnold and possibly Tanchelm (depending on whether he started preaching in Zealand or Antwerp) began preaching in urban areas, and particularly with Tanchelm this might have accounted for his early death?34 The criticism of the church emanating from all four heretics was received with enthusiasm by the laity and some of the minor clergy. In Brescia, Le Mans, and Rome, for example, the urban communities were struggling to set up communes to gain some political and social independence from their ecclesiastical overlords. Arnold at both Brescia and Rome involved himself in situations where the church was seen to intolerably dominant. In Rome especially, the church held de facto power, therefore everything was subject to its control.35 Arnolds dissent, however, can be described as more political than religious. In this context Arnold objected to the temporal authority of the church, as this authority belonged to the secular rulers. As a fusion of religious and political ideals Arnolds aim, was for a renewed apostolic church without temporal power and Roman independence from the latter.36 The political nature of Arnolds teaching if carried out would have made significant social as well as ec clesiastical changes.37 Henrys teaching, at Le Mans was also particularly social as it went beyond heresy to provide the people with a means to challenge economic dominance of the church:38 The new dogma which Henry pronounced was to deny the authority of ecclesiastical innovations whose social consequences were disastrous for those who listened to him As with more orthodox churchmen Henry concerned himself with the reconstitution of fallen women. In Le Mans after these women were purified he ordered the young men to marry them. Henry particularly objected to the interference of the church in the life of the people, and as such he broke social codes by sweeping away the Gregorian reforms on marriage to ease the burdens placed on the laity by the church.39 Henry believed the church had no right to control marriage and with this in mind he declared it was not a sacrament, the only requirement being the consent of two individuals. Henry also preached that dowries were not to be exchanged and if necessary people could marry incestuously, as opposed to the new Gregorian prohibited degrees of consanguinity.40 Similarities also arise in theological beliefs among the four heretics that is mainly a consequence of their objections to the materialism and corrupt nature of the church. Peter of Bruys, for example rejected the church as he believed all accretions should be stripped away to reveal its true simple nature. Henrys underlying belief too was a desire to return to apostolic simplicity. For example, Peter asserted that churchs were not necessary for prayer and should be pulled down, Henry is also suspected of this view.41 Peter and Henry also placed an emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation. They both for differing reasons rejected infant baptism,42 also the efficaciousness of good works and prayers on behalf of the dead: No good works helps the dead for as soon as men die they are either utterly damned or are saved 43 Henry also rejected the right of priest to hear penance as it had no scriptural warrant,44 and Henry unlike Peter also stressed the right to preach freely on the basis of the command of Christ to preach the Gospel.45 Peter denied the mass through a literal reading of the Bible.46 Henry, Tanchelm and Arnold, however, are all described as believing the immorality of the clergy to invalidate the sacraments: the efficacy of the sacrament depends on the merit and sanctity of the minister.47 Henrys anticlericalism in this respect was so extreme he advocated a wandering clergy with no wealth or benefice and no sacramental functions, there only task being to preach and extol.48 It is proposed Tanchelm also held the view that the corruption of the church destroyed its apostolic mandate.49 Tanchelm, Peter and Henry also went further to dismiss the Eucharist entirely. Arnolds attack on the moral unworthiness is considered the most extreme.50 He believed that all priests should live like monks. His extremist views, however, led him to cross the lines from heresy to rebellion.51 He taught that the church had apostatised from its calling, and that clerics with property would not be saved: He denounced the cardinals saying that their collage, by its pride, avarice, hypocrisy and manifold shame was not the church of God.52 The climax of Arnolds teaching, however, emphasising its political content was the belief that the pope was not whom he professed to be, therefore, neither obedience nor reverence was due to him.53 Unlike Peter, Henry and Tanchelm, Arnold did not reject the mass, or the validity of the penitential system,54 as he did not object to the relationship between God and man the church presented.55 Also Arnold unlike Tanchlem did not object to the churches right to tithes or freewill offerings.5 What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia Essay Example What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia Essay The 12th century is characterised by an evangelical awakening, stimulated by the Gregorian assault on ecclesiastical corruption.1 These reforms, however, were not wholly implemented, and when they were it was often inadequate. Wandering lay preachers were a consequence of the Gregorian attempt at Church reform.2 Often orthodox many, however, not only criticised clerical morals, but also the sacraments, doctrine, and the authority of the church.3 Tanchelm4, Peter of Bruys, Henry Le Mans and Arnold of Brescia are significant examples of such individuals who felt the church did not meet their needs for religious life and leadership:5 one great stimuli of popular dissent [was] the failure of the church to meet the high expectations of moral renewal which were aroused by Gregorian reformers.6 Peter of Bruys is a shadowy figure and little is known about his origins. 7 It is believed, however, he was a parish priest to the village of Bruys in the French Alps.8 From c.1112 Peter is expelled from his benefice to become a wandering preacher in the Alpine foot hills, criticising the church.9 After 20 years Peter emerges from the mountains to preach in south west France,10 and at some point he forms an alliance with Henry of Le Mans before his murdered at St Gilles in c.1131.11 We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Henry Le Mans also known as Lausanne12 and the Monk13 preached in northern and especially southern France. The first detailed account14 of his activities is in 1116 when he preachers in Le Mans. Bishop Hildebrant before he leaves for Rome gives Henry permission to evangelise as he believes him to be a penitential preacher.15 Henry, however, preaches against the materialism of the church inciting the populace to rise against the clerics of the city, and when Hildebrant returns he has great difficulty regaining his authority.16 After being expelled from Le Mans Henrys career for the next 20 years is obscure. It is suggested, however, through Henrys alliance with Peter of Bruys, sometime before c.1133, that Henry takes on a more heretical stance.17 Henry is arrested by the bishop of Arles and brought before the Council of Pisa in 1135, where he is ordered to give up his itinerant preaching and re-enter a monastery.18 Whether Henry initially obeyed this order or not is not known because in 1145 he is the object of Bernard of Clairvauxs mission against heresy. After this time, however, Henry is not mentioned again in the sources.19 Tanchelm preached against the materialism of the church in the low countries for about five years before his death in c.1115.20 The portrait presented of him in the sources21 describes him as a libertine and a political agitator, arousing the masses to reject the church. In recent scholarship, however, Tanchelm is re-presented as a priest or a monk, who as a wandering preacher attempted to further the Gregorian reforms.22 It is suggested Tanchelm was accused of heresy because he was an agent of Count Robert of Flanders a supporter of the Gregorian reforms. The truth about Tanchelm is not clear as there are hostile sources independent to that of The Canons of Utrecht. It is suggested, however, that it is safe to assume that Tanchelm was at least a Gregorian priest who slipped into Donatism.23 Tanchelm was murdered in c.1115 whilst in a boat, by a priest hitting him over the head.24 Arnold of Brescia an Augustine abbot, born in or near the Italian city of Brescia,25 is described as :a vehement preacher against the vanities of the world. It is not clear whether Arnold was involved in the urban revolt again Manfred Brescias bishop26 from 1135, but in 1138 Manfred leaves Brescia for Rome and John of Salisbury27 alleges that Arnold rouses the dissident populace against the bishop.28 Consequently, Manfred secures the condemnation of Arnold in 1139 and his banishment from Italy.29 Repairing to France Arnold is later expelled due to his criticism of the church and Bernard of Clairvaux. Returning to Italy after a visit to Bohemia he is invited to Rome by Pope Eugenius III to undergo penance.30 Arnold, however, is incensed by papal corruption and as a result by 1146 Arnold is involved in the conflict between the communal movement of Rome and the papacy.31 The pope is made to leave Rome on more than one occasion, and Arnolds political agenda is clear when he calls upon th e Emperor to re-assert his temporal authority, in order for the church to return to its spiritual occupations. Arnold, however, is victim to the fickle political loyalties of the time. Arnold was executed in 1155 for political rebellion.32 The overwhelming similarities between the careers of Tanchelm, Peter of Bruy, Henry of Le Mans and Arnold of Brescia are that they felt the church did not meet their needs for religious life and leadership. The consequences of which caused serious social problems that they attempted to combat. They could be described as radical Gregorian reformers, but having taken matters into their hands they cross the ambiguous lines between orthodoxy and heresy. The careers of both Henry and Peter began in rural obscurity, and moving into the urban areas they have more success. Henry and Peter formed an alliance at some point as they were both active in south western France. This is considered particularly important as these areas were later strongholds of the later Waldensian and Cathar heresies, Henry and Peters criticism of the church having prepared the ground for them.33 Arnold and possibly Tanchelm (depending on whether he started preaching in Zealand or Antwerp) began preaching in urban areas, and particularly with Tanchelm this might have accounted for his early death?34 The criticism of the church emanating from all four heretics was received with enthusiasm by the laity and some of the minor clergy. In Brescia, Le Mans, and Rome, for example, the urban communities were struggling to set up communes to gain some political and social independence from their ecclesiastical overlords. Arnold at both Brescia and Rome involved himself in situations where the church was seen to intolerably dominant. In Rome especially, the church held de facto power, therefore everything was subject to its control.35 Arnolds dissent, however, can be described as more political than religious. In this context Arnold objected to the temporal authority of the church, as this authority belonged to the secular rulers. As a fusion of religious and political ideals Arnolds aim, was for a renewed apostolic church without temporal power and Roman independence from the latter.36 The political nature of Arnolds teaching if carried out would have made significant social as well as ec clesiastical changes.37 Henrys teaching, at Le Mans was also particularly social as it went beyond heresy to provide the people with a means to challenge economic dominance of the church:38 The new dogma which Henry pronounced was to deny the authority of ecclesiastical innovations whose social consequences were disastrous for those who listened to him As with more orthodox churchmen Henry concerned himself with the reconstitution of fallen women. In Le Mans after these women were purified he ordered the young men to marry them. Henry particularly objected to the interference of the church in the life of the people, and as such he broke social codes by sweeping away the Gregorian reforms on marriage to ease the burdens placed on the laity by the church.39 Henry believed the church had no right to control marriage and with this in mind he declared it was not a sacrament, the only requirement being the consent of two individuals. Henry also preached that dowries were not to be exchanged and if necessary people could marry incestuously, as opposed to the new Gregorian prohibited degrees of consanguinity.40 Similarities also arise in theological beliefs among the four heretics that is mainly a consequence of their objections to the materialism and corrupt nature of the church. Peter of Bruys, for example rejected the church as he believed all accretions should be stripped away to reveal its true simple nature. Henrys underlying belief too was a desire to return to apostolic simplicity. For example, Peter asserted that churchs were not necessary for prayer and should be pulled down, Henry is also suspected of this view.41 Peter and Henry also placed an emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation. They both for differing reasons rejected infant baptism,42 also the efficaciousness of good works and prayers on behalf of the dead: No good works helps the dead for as soon as men die they are either utterly damned or are saved 43 Henry also rejected the right of priest to hear penance as it had no scriptural warrant,44 and Henry unlike Peter also stressed the right to preach freely on the basis of the command of Christ to preach the Gospel.45 Peter denied the mass through a literal reading of the Bible.46 Henry, Tanchelm and Arnold, however, are all described as believing the immorality of the clergy to invalidate the sacraments: the efficacy of the sacrament depends on the merit and sanctity of the minister.47 Henrys anticlericalism in this respect was so extreme he advocated a wandering clergy with no wealth or benefice and no sacramental functions, there only task being to preach and extol.48 It is proposed Tanchelm also held the view that the corruption of the church destroyed its apostolic mandate.49 Tanchelm, Peter and Henry also went further to dismiss the Eucharist entirely. Arnolds attack on the moral unworthiness is considered the most extreme.50 He believed that all priests should live like monks. His extremist views, however, led him to cross the lines from heresy to rebellion.51 He taught that the church had apostatised from its calling, and that clerics with property would not be saved: He denounced the cardinals saying that their collage, by its pride, avarice, hypocrisy and manifold shame was not the church of God.52 The climax of Arnolds teaching, however, emphasising its political content was the belief that the pope was not whom he professed to be, therefore, neither obedience nor reverence was due to him.53 Unlike Peter, Henry and Tanchelm, Arnold did not reject the mass, or the validity of the penitential system,54 as he did not object to the relationship between God and man the church presented.55 Also Arnold unlike Tanchlem did not object to the churches right to tithes or freewill offerings.56 Tanchelm and Peter, both advocated violent attack upon the visible images of Catholicism.57 Henry also sponsored the violation of images although except in Le Mans his career was not characterised by violence. Peters beliefs, however, were carried out by practical demonstrations58 and perhaps the most idiosyncratic was the burning of crosses. Peter believed the Cross not worthy of adoration as it was the instrument of Christs death, therefore it was dishonoured it by being hacked to pieces and burnt.59 Whilst burning crosses in St. Gilles, however, Peter was pushed into the fire by an outraged citizen: the destruction of Peter of Bruys, whom the zeal of the faithful at Saint-Gilles punished by burning in the flames from the wood of the Lords Cross which he had set afire60 Due to a social need for holy individuals to live among the people all four heretics were subject to devotion,61 as Henry, Peter, Tanchelm and Arnold were all renowned for their holiness of life: He [Arnold] had disciples who imitated his austerities and won favour with the populace through outward decency and austerity of life62 Devotion was also derived from their oratory skills, as Tanchelm, for example, is described as having a powerful dramatic talent that held the people in awe. The accounts of both Henry and Tanchelm are standard heretical reports designed to discredit them, coloured by accusations of libertinism and promiscuity: Matrons and adolescent boys (for he [Peter] enjoyed the pandering of both sexes), attending him at different times, avowed openly their aberrations and increased them, caressed his feet, his buttocks, his groin, with tender hands.63 Henry is also accused by the Bishop Hildebert of being an impostor and a charlatan after he is tested on the offices of the church,64 and Tanchelm is charged with the most sensational acts, for example, of betrothing himself to the Virgin Mary and giving his bath water for his followers to drink in mockery of the sacraments.65 Arnold on the other hand even though he is described as converting pious women to his cause is not accused of any sexual misconduct. Even his bitterest enemy Bernard of Clairvaux does not reproach him. 66 Arnold, Peter and Henry are also described using the biblical metaphor as wolfs in sheep clothing, which is suggestive of their humble and saintly exterior disguising their heretical opinions: He hid the madness of a ravening wolf under sheeps clothing.67 To conclude, the common features discernible from the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia is that they all objected to the church because of its preoccupation with materialism and clerical corruption, which led to serious social consequences. All four tried in their own way to combat these problems by providing spiritual leadership and example to the laity. In doing this, however, all crossed the ambiguous line between criticism of the church and heresy. Arnold, however, went one step further by trying to further his religious aims through political rebellion, emphasising the close relationship of the church with the political situations of the time.

Create Appealing Biology Personal Statement Essays

Create Appealing Biology Personal Statement Essays Create Appealing Biology Personal Statement Essay Create Appealing Biology Personal Statement Essay At the time of applying in a college with the intention of seeking an advance degree in the field of Biology, the candidate has to write an appealing personal statement. It is kind of a daunting task for those individuals who don’t have even an ounce of experience of writing any documents similar to it. Generally a personal statement highlights the special qualities and character of the candidate that distinguish him from the rest of the candidates who apply for the same field. It allows the candidate to express why he thinks he is the ideal fit with the Biology community and how he intends to contribute to this community. Nonetheless, following are some helpful guidelines that can assist you in creating an appealing biology personal statement. Get in touch with the admission department of the college where you intend to apply and ask them to give you the guidelines regarding the personal statement. Don’t hesitate to ask them some personal advices or tips that can help you in writing an effective statement. Analyze the guidelines of the college carefully and determine what important things are needed to be considered for the drafting a compelling essay. Some colleges give a list of some specific questions and they expect you to respond to those questions only. Determining what the college wants in your statement is the main point that will help you in writing an accurate statement as expected by the officers. Recall what influenced you to study biology and seek higher education in it. Recall the person whose actions or deeds have inspired you greatly and compelled you to explore the field of biology. Develop the biology personal statement by penning down and describing some of those activities or tasks that you have undertaken in the pursuit of your field. Describe how those volunteering activities motivated you and strengthen your passion even more. Also describe some experiences that you have gained in order to pursuit your dream. Tell them your personal story which is related to your passion for studying this field. Describe how you lost a year of your education to take care your sick grandparents. Describe them how much you value life and how far you would go to save someone’s life. Describe the admission committee how your certain qualities distinguish you as an ethical, dedicated, motivated and caring individual. These critical elements will help you with convincing them that you are the best candidate for their college. Relate your interest and passion for exploring the field of biology with the facilities or faculties of the college. You need to tell them what makes their college special and attractive to you. Is it that they have certain special faculties that other colleges don’t have, in your region. Use the name of the college which you are applying to often in the personal statement. Ensure that the introduction of the statement is appealing and the conclusion is inspiring. Also, ensure that the personal statement is immaculate, that is, it doesn’t contain any error or mistake.

200 Powerful Marketing Interview Questions to Hire the Best Team

200 Powerful Marketing Interview Questions to Hire the Best Team Building a strong marketing team isn’t easy. There are tons of companies competing for top talent, and it’s tough to find (and retain) the best fits for your organization. In fact, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the industry is projected to experience 10% hiring growth by 2026  (which is faster than average). Plus, the cost of mis-hiring can be high; according to MP Squared, â€Å"a mis-hire costs more than 5 times the candidate’s salary.† Those kinds of stakes are not a joke. From recruiting to interviewing to onboarding, getting the right people onto the right spots in your marketing department  is a long process. A key part of sorting out marketing candidates starts with asking the right interview questions. In this post, you’ll find a total of 165 things to ask interviewees across all different types of roles, to help you figure out what makes a candidate tick and determine whether they’re right for your business. This is useful stuff for the following folks: Marketing Managers: Especially if you’re new to hiring and team-building. HR Professionals: If you’re not marketing savvy, use this guide to move past generic interview questions. Job Hunters: Consider this guide a cheat sheet to what you might encounter. It’s time to get started. Table of Contents: Keeping Organized With Bonus Questions + Interview Scorecard Interviewing Tips General Marketing Interview Questions Marketing Manager / Director Questions Marketing Intern Questions Entry Level Interview Questions Copywriter Interview Questions Product Marketing Interview Questions PR Interview Questions Graphic Designer Interview Questions Social Media Marketing Interview Questions Content Strategist Interview Questions Marketing Analyst Interview Questions SEO Interview Questions Assessing an Interviees Responses

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion - Assignment Example Wiemerslage Church whose parishioners believe the deceased must remain in their burial grounds for religious purposes. On the basis of the O’Hearn Modernization Act, the New Kiel Wissinois State District Court granted eminent domain to the MAA, awarding the cemetery to the MAA based on â€Å"compelling government interest† in the project, a ruling upheld by the Federal Appeals Court. The Church is appealing the decision, citing insufficient â€Å"essential nexus† and lack of â€Å"rough proportionality† with regards to the building project, claiming a violation of their constitutional rights to religious protection under the First Amendment. The Great Lakes Region denied the MMA permits for dredging, a decision upheld by the Federal District Court. The MAA is appealing the decision to deny the dredging permits, citing that the denial of the permits was arbitrary and capricious and requesting eminent domain over the cemetery grounds for the use of the prosp ective runway. -The Midwestago Airport Authority (MAA), for the purposes of increasing flight capacity of the O’Hearn airport, is seeking to add a new runway, Runway 10 Center, to its airfield. The MAA contends that expansion of the airfield will serve the public interest by increasing air traffic in the region, thereby stimulating statewide economic development. -In order for the runway to be constructed, the MAA wishes to exercise eminent domain of the adjacent sacred St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Cemetery, relocating the remains therein, utilizing the land thereof for the Runway 10 Center. -The St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Church is vehemently opposed to the MAA seizure of the cemetery. The Church holds that the burial ground is sacred, maintaining that it is integral in their beliefs of the afterlife that the remains not be moved. -The Wissinios State District Court ruled that there was essential nexus

Lab report Geiger counter and its control unit Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geiger counter and its control unit - Lab Report Example The behavior is illustrated inform of a curve of pulse height against applied voltage. Using the count rate C1 (beginning of the plateau) and the count rate C2 (almost 100 to 10 volts beyond C1). Both count rates were allocated operating voltages V1 and V2 respectively. The values of V and C were used to determine the slope of the plateau using an equation. Once the system is set up in an optimum condition, source 1 is placed on the split holder and the number of count rates per second is measured as N1. While the source is still in place, source 2 is placed in the holder and the equivalent count rate per second taken, as N12. Source 1 is now removed and the number of count rates per second is taken as N2. Finally, this can be used to calculate the dead time. The slope and the percentage slope of the curve can also be worked out from the count rates. The period of time, during and immediately following an ionization event, when the system is insensitive to a further radiation, is referred to as the Dead time. After placing the material in the holder and setting the voltage to a certain value, we stills didn’t record any count rate until we attained a certain value of EHT. This is because the energy is very low below that point to be able to separate them very fast. On the other hand, the behavior of the system depended on magnitude of the potential difference applied between the anode and the cathode. Radioactive material can be used to determine the operating voltage of the Geiger counter, the slope percentage of the plateau and the dead time of the counter. This simply involves radioactive material and recording its EHT and counts rate at a certain amount of time. The count measure occurs due to the radiation released and emitted by the material in the holder. When a specimen or material is in exited state, it means that it has absorbed

Parents vs. the Media Essay Example for Free

Parents vs. the Media Essay Due to childrens fascinations with violence, recent massacres at schools have been linked to media influence. Often troubled children use the news to gain attention. Many of the children committing these crimes are children that are being teased in school. Most of the children involved in school shootings have never had a past criminal record. Psychologists believe that these troubled children are using the media merely because no one else will listen to their problems. The reoccurrence of copycat crimes is on the rise, and it seems at times we overestimate how much violence is really occurring. The constant struggle between the media and those who feel it is saturated with violence continues on. However, it is difficult to determine whether there is a strong correlation between the two. Parents are uniting around the country to form groups against violence in the media. They believe that the violence in entertainment and the media is to blame for the copycat syndrome. Psychologists believe that children are vulnerable to feelings of psychological injury. Therefore, when children are being tormented they feel a sense of rage and worthlessness. This feeling causes them to look upon society as an enemy. For instance, The Trenchcoat Mafia was a group of teenagers that formed a violent gang, and turned against killed their classmates after seeing the movie Basketball Diaries. They felt isolated from the rest of the school, and believed the only way to gain popularity was through displaying acts of violence. This type of behavior has drastically increased and is seen all over the media. Parents blame the media for over-exposure of school violence. The parents see the media lacking in follow-up stories. These stories should show how it affected the lives of the killers, the victims and their families. Furthermore, the follow-up stories can present a better understanding of the consequences. Rather, the news seems to be showing their viewers almost how to carry out such crimes. On the other hand, the media is simply providing the public with current events. The media reports both positive and negative events. The news provides coverage on the issues that are most appealing to the public. For example, the first school shooting at Columbine began a major controversy. The public became extremely concerned, and safety in schools became a hot topic. The media simply reports on these events, they are not to be held responsible for violent occurrences. Their responsibility is to give coverage on events that affect our society as a whole. Parents should not view the media negatively, but see it as a source of information. Such information can give parents reasons for teaching their children morals. Children that come from broken homes may have been exposed to violence, and use this as a solution to their problems. Parents of these children should provide special psychiatric help to prevent them from becoming violent. If teachers are aware a students extreme misconduct, they should inform the childs parents as well as the schools counselors. Therefore, the school can solve the problem before it gets out of hand. Different approaches have been used to prevent these shootings from reoccurring. The most obvious solution has been increasing the security in schools, such as metal detectors and surveillance cameras. Some schools are simply educating their students about respecting each other, and have seen an improvement in the conduct of the students. When these issues improve, a healthier school will prevail.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- I Know Why The Caged Bird Si

In the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite through her juvenile years. First, Bailey Jr. serves as the most significant role in the protagonist’s young life. In the novel, Maya distinguishably states, â€Å" I would be the major loser if Bailey turned up dead. For he was all I claimed, if not all I had.† Bailey is one year senior to the main character, however, it makes no difference, for they both share many of the same interests, such as reading poems and playing games. When Angelou was eight, she and Bailey moved to St. Louis to live with their mother Vivian, and her mother’s boyfriend Mr. Freeman; soon after, Mr. Freeman sexually molests and rapes the young child; after such a horrid experience, the central character only speaks to Bailey who comforts and supports her. To sum up, Bailey gives much confidence to Marguerite throughout their childhood together. Second, Annie Henderson influences her granddaughter as an all powerful role model. For example, â€Å"Mo... I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- I Know Why The Caged Bird Si In the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite through her juvenile years. First, Bailey Jr. serves as the most significant role in the protagonist’s young life. In the novel, Maya distinguishably states, â€Å" I would be the major loser if Bailey turned up dead. For he was all I claimed, if not all I had.† Bailey is one year senior to the main character, however, it makes no difference, for they both share many of the same interests, such as reading poems and playing games. When Angelou was eight, she and Bailey moved to St. Louis to live with their mother Vivian, and her mother’s boyfriend Mr. Freeman; soon after, Mr. Freeman sexually molests and rapes the young child; after such a horrid experience, the central character only speaks to Bailey who comforts and supports her. To sum up, Bailey gives much confidence to Marguerite throughout their childhood together. Second, Annie Henderson influences her granddaughter as an all powerful role model. For example, â€Å"Mo...

Normalcy

Normalcy in other words means to me to have everything up and running as required. To be stable with no corruption. Normalcy is something both Warren Gamaliel Harding along with Calvin Coolidge wish to restore in the U. S. Sadly Harding does nothing suitable to return normalcy but only to continue adding to the corruption already occurring. Coolidge on the other hand takes control after the death of Harding in 1923 and accomplished much more than Harding might have ever did. During the presidential time of Coolidge the Kellogg-Briand act was put to be followed. Lets discover what made these two men so different from one another! Warren Gamaliel Harding happened to be the 29th president of the United States. He served from 1921 till his death in 1923 due to a heart attack. Truth be told he was considered to be the worst president of all time. In the election of 1920 U. S presidential candidate Warren promised to return the country back to the way it was before WW1 occurred. For example as a quote stated by Harding himself â€Å"America’s need is not heroics but healing†¦we need to return to normalcy. Harding was known for the Teapot Dome scandal which took place in Wyoming. As oil reserves that were in the custody of Harding were being improperly used by being leased to private oil companies by the secret interior Albert Fall, Albert himself accepted cash gifts and no-interest loans from the companies. As we can see in Harding’s attempt to re-create peace he failed epically. This caused Harding’s administration to be remembered as the most corrupt in the white house. John Calvin Coolidge, jr was the vice president at the time when Harding was president. After the death of Harding, Coolidge took his place into becoming president. Coolidge slowly departed himself from the Harding administration and also removed all officials suspected of corruption. Coolidge decided to continue Harding’s policies while trying to eliminate scandals. Coolidge did promise to return normalcy to the United States, something Harding was unsuccessful at doing. In 1928, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was created between fifteen countries stating war will now be illegal. In my opion I believe Harding had no idea of what he was doing. He allegededly hired his old poker friends known as the Ohio Gang to work along side him. Some members from the Ohio gang used their government positions to take advantage of the money for personal use. I believe Coolidge kept his word at all times returning the U. S back to normalcy. Once Coolidge made all the necessary changes required the U. S was back to the way it was before WW1 occurred. In my belief Coolidge is a man of his word and is trustworthy.

A Spill at Parsenn Bowl Essay

Part I – The Slopes While enjoying a day on the ski slopes at Winter park the patient fell exiting the ski lift. Patient was able to get up unassisted however, as she adjusted her stance the knee â€Å"twisted† and she fell again resulting in an external rotation of the right knee. Patient reported no pain at this time, but due to instability she was transferred by Ski Patrol down the slope on a sled. For the patient’s body to maintain homeostasis throughout the duration of exposure to the extreme cold, thermo receptors within the skin activated sending signals to the hypothalamus. In turn the cutaneous blood vessels constricted and shivering commenced in an attempt to accumulate and produce additional body heat. (Minerva Union, 2011, 2). During the time of exposure to the extreme cold all distal extremities and any exposed tissues would be vulnerable to the occurrence of frostbite.  (Minerva Union, 2011) Part II – The Emergency Room Upon arrival at the emergency room the patient was shivering which can be seen as an early indication of hypothermia. At this time the patient was instructed to remove her parka in an effort to avoid further heat loss, resulting from an accumulation of moisture from the conditions outdoors. To assist in regulation of homeostasis the patient was wrapped in blankets and given hot chocolate. Pulse was taken at the Dorsalis Pedis to check the patient’s circulatory response. (The EMT Spot, 2014, 7). Pain reported by the patient was localized to the medial surface of the right knee,  noticeable inflammation present due to the leaking of fluids from compromised internal tissues. The patient’s presentation of symptoms are indicative to that of a potential medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus tear. (Healthline, 2014, 5). The medial meniscus articulates with the medial condyles of the tibia and femur. Part III – The Mile High Clinic An X-ray, of which the primary diagnostic focus is bone structure and density (SWOG, 2013, 1), was ordered for the patient. X-ray results although negative for fracture were positive for swelling further indicating the possibility of tendon or ligament damage. A Lachman Test was performed on the patient to test the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament within the patient’s right knee. To determine integrity: â€Å"the knee is flexed at a 20-30 ° angle, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive.† (Free Dictionary-Medical Dictionary, 2014, 1).  (The Clinical Advisor, 2014) Upon the positive results of the Lachman test, further examination confirmed injury to the medial collateral ligament as well. Patient was instructed to see an orthopedist, given crutches, a brace, and instructed to keep the leg elevated and use ice to further aid in the reduction of swelling and pain. Furthermore patient was instructed not to use heat, such as a heat pad or hot tub, as heat can result in vasodilatation leading to increased pain and swelling. Part IV – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #1 Upon arriving home the patient was seen by a local orthopedic surgeon. Although the patient previously had an x-ray, an MRI was ordered to obtain a clear and concise understanding of the impact of the ski accident on the internal soft tissue structures of the patient’s right knee. An MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, â€Å"combines a powerful magnet with radio waves and a computer to manipulate these magnetic elements and create highly detailed images of structures in the body.† (SWOG, 2013, 4) In comparison to an MRI, an X-ray is typically used to diagnose and assess bone degeneration or disease, fractures and dislocation. (SWOG, 2013, 1) Age often plays a role  in the healing process, as does the patient’s physical health. Typically younger patients have an increased regenerative capacity for healing as opposed to older patients who may present with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is â€Å"the degeneration of cartilage and its underlying bone within a joint as well as bony overgrowth.† (CDC, 2011, 1) Patients with poor physical health and other complications may not always be a good candidate for reconstructive surgery. Although the patient in this case is 55, she presents as a good candidate for reconstructive surgery as a result of leading a fairly active life style and was referred to an orthopedic surgeon who performs such surgical procedures on a routine basis. Part V – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #2 Patient presents in good health and as an ideal candidate for surgery. Referred to â€Å"pre-hab† to have the knee and leg in the best possible shape prior to surgery. The knee is a synovial joint and can be further classified as a hinge joint as it allows movement in only one direction. Synovial joints are lined by a synovial membrane filled with fluid to support the joint and reduce friction. (Buzzle, 2014), 3). Tendons and ligaments composed of dense regular connective tissues hold the structures of the knee together.(eHealth Ideas, 2013) The hamstring, sartorious, gracilis, and popliteus assist in producing flexion, whereas the â€Å"Quads† rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius contribute to producing extension. (Healthline, 2013, 4-5). With regard for the surgical repair of the patient’s ACL the synovial membrane would need to cut in order to operate on both the meniscus and ACL. In addition, the use of a tendon to replace the ligament is possible, as both are composed of collagenous connective tissues. (University of Michigan, (n.d.), 2). Prior to surgical intervention it is especially important that the patient’s knee is in the best physical shape as post-operatively the patient can expect to experience some degree of atrophy and loss of bone mass as a result of restricted and limited use of the surgically repaired joint and limb. (Healthline, 2014, 1). During post-operative healing the patella is likely to heal faster  than the ACL, MCI and menisci, as it has access to the arterial blood supply. (KneeHipPain, n.d., 14). The cartilage and the ligaments will take longer to heal as they are avascular and contain little to no blood supply. Scar tissue is a normal occurrence of the healing process, and is composed of fibrous connective tissue. â€Å"This tissue contains a fibrous protein called collagen, as well as long carbohydrate molecules called polysaccharides, water and cells called fibroblasts.† Scar tissue also known as adhesion, plays an important role in the healing process as its collagenous fibers bind to damaged tissues in an effort to reconnect the damaged fibers. Part VI – Resolution The body is an incredible mechanism, through homeostasis and feedback loops the body is often able to regulate and return itself to a state of equilibrium. This can be evidenced in the case of the patient, as when subjected to the extreme cold thermo-receptors in the skin activated signaling the hypothalamus, resulting in vasoconstriction and shivering as a method to create and conserve body heat. However, in some cases such as that of a torn ACL, the body is not always able to repair itself and surgical intervention may be deemed necessary. Still, throughout the post-operative healing process the body employs various methods of negative feedback to once again return to a state of equilibrium. References Buzzle. (2014). Synovial membrane. Retrieved from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/synovial-membrane.html The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm The Clinical Advisor. (2014). [Photo of Lachman Test]. Retrieved from: http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/tests-to-assess-acl-rupture/slideshow/394/#0 eHealth Ideas. (2013). [Photo of Knee Anatomy Design]. Retrieved from: http://www.ehealthideas.com/2013/12/knee-anatomy-diagram.html The EMT Spot. (2014). The ultimate emt guide to vital signs. Retrieved from: http://theemtspot.com/2010/05/22/the-ultimate-emt-guide-to-vital-signs/ The Free Dictionary. (2014). Medical dictionary. Retrieved from: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lachman+test Healthline. (2013). Knee muscle anatomy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/knee-muscles#4/4294967045 Healthline. (2014). Muscle atrophy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/muscle-wasting Knee Hip Pain. (n.d.). The anatomy of the patella. Retrieved from: http://www.kneehippain.com/patient_pain_anatomy.php Minerva Union. (2011). Homeostasis basics. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm Minerva Union. (2011). [Photo of Homeostasis Temperature Control]. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm References Southwest Orthopedic Group. (2013). What is the difference between x-rays, mri, and ct scans. Retrieved from: http://www.sworthogroup.com/general-orthopedic-faq/25-what-is-the-difference-between-x-rays-mri-and-ct-scan University of Michigan. (n.d.). Section 9: Ligament tendon structure. Retrieved from: http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch10ligten/bme332ligamenttendon.htm

Free Essays on Organisation Culture

Organisational Culture Organizational culture can be described in a few ways. Marvin Bower & McKinseys has defined culture as â€Å"the way we do things around here†. It is about how people behave and treat each other within the organization. Getting a right culture is important also creation and maintenance of a strong culture within the organization is a major concern of many HRM strategies. Moreover, wide ranges of social, competitive and economic pressures are driving the needs for change in the organization. There are a few approaches to characterize an organizational culture and we will be taking Deal & Kennedy and Charles Handy as examples. They have described the types of culture for achieving organizational effectiveness. Charles Handy characterized culture in terms of the relationship between the organization and individuals and also the importance of power and hierarchy. He has described four types of culture, which are power, role, task and person. One of these may dominate the entire organization or different cultures may exist in various parts of the firm. Power culture Power culture depends on a central power source. It is associated with the entrepreneurial form from a single central source, which can be called the web, as in a small business. There are few rules and procedures and few committees. Decisions are made by a selective of key individuals. The principles factors determine power culture: à ¼ A rapidly changing environment that allow a quicker response time within which changes should take place. à ¼ Smallness-size is a problem for power culture à ¼ The need for adaptability à ¼ The need to encourage individual initiative à ¼ Dislike of committees and bureaucracy Role culture Role culture is often associated with organisaional bureaucracy structure. It operates through formal roles and procedures. The culture works on logic and rational and strengths in its functions and specialties. In... Free Essays on Organisation Culture Free Essays on Organisation Culture Organisational Culture Organizational culture can be described in a few ways. Marvin Bower & McKinseys has defined culture as â€Å"the way we do things around here†. It is about how people behave and treat each other within the organization. Getting a right culture is important also creation and maintenance of a strong culture within the organization is a major concern of many HRM strategies. Moreover, wide ranges of social, competitive and economic pressures are driving the needs for change in the organization. There are a few approaches to characterize an organizational culture and we will be taking Deal & Kennedy and Charles Handy as examples. They have described the types of culture for achieving organizational effectiveness. Charles Handy characterized culture in terms of the relationship between the organization and individuals and also the importance of power and hierarchy. He has described four types of culture, which are power, role, task and person. One of these may dominate the entire organization or different cultures may exist in various parts of the firm. Power culture Power culture depends on a central power source. It is associated with the entrepreneurial form from a single central source, which can be called the web, as in a small business. There are few rules and procedures and few committees. Decisions are made by a selective of key individuals. The principles factors determine power culture: à ¼ A rapidly changing environment that allow a quicker response time within which changes should take place. à ¼ Smallness-size is a problem for power culture à ¼ The need for adaptability à ¼ The need to encourage individual initiative à ¼ Dislike of committees and bureaucracy Role culture Role culture is often associated with organisaional bureaucracy structure. It operates through formal roles and procedures. The culture works on logic and rational and strengths in its functions and specialties. In...